Enhancement of Compressive Strength in Cement Admixed Bangkok Clay with Glass Fiber and Bottom Ash for Eco-Friendly Functional Road Materials

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Doctor of Engineering Program in Construction Engineering Technology, Graduate College, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand

2 Building and Landscape Division, Suan Dusit University, Bangkok, Thailand

3 Operations Center of Integrated Innovation Research and Development under Industrial Standards, KMUTNB Techno Park, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand

4 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Technology, College of Industrial Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract

This article aims at the development of new eco-friendly functional road materials, examining the optimum mixing ratio of cement, bottom ash, glass fibers, and the mechanical properties of soil-cement subbase (pavement) materials. The optimum ratio of cement, bottom ash, and glass fibers was determined for the mixing of soil-cement as eco-friendly functional road materials. This study was carried out by using the unconfined compression test. All soil-cement samples were mixed at the liquid limit of 88%, with varying glass fiber content between 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% by volume respectively. The glass fiber lengths were used 3, 6, and 12 mm. The OPC content was added between 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%, respectively by dry weight. The bottom ash content was 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by volume respectively. All soil-cement samples were cured for 7, 14, 28, 60 and 90 days. It was found that the optimum OPC soil-cement content mixture was around 8-10% according to ACI 230.1R-09 standard which requires OPC of 10-16% and the optimum fiber content was between 1.0 and 1.5%. The best UCS result for glass fiber length was 12mm. Finally, the optimum bottom ash content was 5-10%, and the recommended curing period should exceed 28-90 days.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1]    Mairaing, W. and Amonkul, C., 2010, September. Soft Bangkok clay zoning.   In EIT-Japan symposium on engineering for geo-hazards: earthquakes and landslides-surface and subsurface structures (pp. 1-10). Bangkok, Thailand: Imperial Queen’s Park Hotel. 
[2]    El-Kassasa, M.R., Ahmedb, S.M. and Srouorc, T.M., GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DEEP EXCAVATION IN SOFT CLAY.
[3]    Piriyakul, K., Pochalard, S. and Rungrueng, E., 2022. Pipe jacking tunnel construction crossing the Bang Pakong River. In Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground. 2nd Edition (pp. 123-128). CRC Press.
[4]    Horpibulsuk, S., Shibuya, S., Fuenkajorn, K. and Katkan, W., 2007. Assessment of engineering properties of Bangkok clay. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(2), pp.173-187.
[5]    Yingsamphancharoen, T. and Piriyakul, K., 2022. Feasibility study of steel reinforcement of polyethylene corrugated horizontal pipe for on-site underground water storage tanks and their applications. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, p.e01578.
[6]    Piriyakul, K., 2013. Application of the non-destructive testing method to determine the Gmax of Bangkok clay. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 418, pp.157-160.
[7]    Horpibulsk, S., Rachan, R., Suddeepong, A. and Chinkulkijniwat, A., 2011. Strength development in cement admixed Bangkok clay: laboratory and field investigations. Soils and Foundations, 51(2), pp.239-251.
[8]    Piriyakul, K., 2013. Strength development of soft Bangkok clay mixed with cement. Advanced Materials Research, 813, pp.391-394. 
[9]    Petcherdchoo, A., Pochalard, S. and Piriyakul, K., 2023. Use of bender element tests for determining shear modulus of fly-ash and cement admixed Bangkok clay with considering unconfined compressive strength. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18, p.e02040.
[10]    Ahmed, A., Kamau, J., Pone, J., Hyndman, F. and Fitriani, H., 2019. Chemical reactions in pozzolanic concrete. Mod. Approaches Mater. Sci, 1, pp.128-133.
[11]    ASTM C618, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete.
[12]    Phiri, R., Rangappa, S.M., Siengchin, S. and Marinkovic, D., 2023. Agro-waste natural fiber sample preparation techniques for bio-composites development: Methodological insights. Facta Universitatis, Series: Mechanical Engineering, 21(4), pp.631-656.
[13]    Palaniappan, S.K., Singh, M.K., Rangappa, S.M. and Siengchin, S., 2023. Eco-friendly Biocomposites: A Step Towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Composites, 7(12).
[14]    Suyambulingam, I., Rangappa, S.M. and Siengchin, S., 2023. Advanced Materials and Technologies for Engineering Applications. Applied Science and Engineering Progress, 16(3), pp.6760-6760.
[15]    PCD, 2021. Thailand State of Pollution Report 2020. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.  https://www.pcd.go.th.
[16]    Ministry of Energy, 2018 Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018-2037 (AEDP2018-2037). https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/4351.
[17]    Ministry of Energy, 2024 Ministry of Energy Power Development Plan (PDP2018)(2024) https://www.erc.or.th.
[18]    Wungsumpow, C., Towprayoon, S., Chiemchaisri, C., Suanburi, D. and Wangyao, K., Applying electrical resistivity tomography measurement in landfill mining: A study on configuration and spacing setting.
[19]    Wungsumpow C., Pochalard S., Bardet K., Piriyakul K. Flexural Strength Properties of Compacted Cement - Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste - Polypropylene Fiber Sand. 21th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference and 4th AGSSEA Conference (SEAGC-AGSSEA 2023), Bangkok, Thailand.
[20]    Hu, J., Ge, Z. and Wang, K., 2014. Influence of cement fineness and water-to-cement ratio on mortar early-age heat of hydration and set times. Construction and building materials, 50, pp.657-663.
[21]    Pinansang, D.B., Sompie, O.B.A. and Jansen, F., 2017. Analisis campuran kapur-fly ash dan kapur-abu sekam padi terhadap lempung ekspansif. Jurnal Ilmiah Media Engineering, 6(3). pp. 535-546.
[22]    Nugroho, S.A., Zulnasari, A., Fatnanta, F. and Putra, A.D., 2019. Mechanical Behavior of Clay Soil Stabilized with Fly Ash and Bottom Ash. Makara Journal of Technology, 26(1), p.1. 
[23]    DOH (Department of highways) Manual of highway construction, Thailand. (2007).
[24]    Suksiripattanapong, C., Tesanasin, T., Tiyasangthong, S., Tabyang, W., Sukontasukkul, P. and Chindaprasirt, P., 2023. Use of cement and bottom ash in deep mixing application for stabilization of soft Bangkok clay. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 48(4), pp.4583-4593.
[25]    Kererat, C., Kroehong, W., Thaipum, S. and Chindaprasirt, P., 2022. Bottom ash stabilized with cement and para rubber latex for road base applications. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17, p.e01259.
[26]    Siengchin, S., 2023. A review on lightweight materials for defence applications: Present and future developments. Defence Technology, 24, pp.1-17.
[27]    Kurien, R.A., Selvaraj, D.P., Sekar, M., Koshy, C.P. and Praveen, K.M., 2022. Comparative mechanical, tribological and morphological properties of epoxy resin composites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 47(7), pp.8059-8067. 
[28]    Kurien, R.A., Santhosh, A., Paul, D., Kurup, G.B. and Reji, G.S., 2021. A review on recent developments in kenaf, sisal, pineapple, bamboo and banana fiber-reinforced composites. Advances in Materials Processing and Manufacturing Applications: Proceedings of iCADMA 2020, pp.301-310.
[29]    Kurien, R.A., Santhosh, A., Paul, D., Kurup, G.B., Reji, G.S. and Selvaraj, D.P., 2021. A study on recent developments in jute, cotton, coir, silk and abaca fiber-reinforced composites. Advances in Materials Processing and Manufacturing Applications: Proceedings of iCADMA 2020, pp.375-384.
[30]    Kurien, R.A., Koshy, C.P., Santhosh, A., Kurup, G.B., Paul, D. and Reji, G.S., 2022. A study on vetiver fiber and lemongrass fiber reinforced composites. Materials Today: Proceedings, 68, pp.2640-2645.
[31]    Kurien, R.A., Selvaraj, D.P., Sekar, M., Koshy, C.P., Paul, C., Palanisamy, S., Santulli, C. and Kumar, P., 2023. A comprehensive review on the mechanical, physical, and thermal properties of abaca fibre for their introduction into structural polymer composites. Cellulose, 30(14), pp.8643-8664.
[32]    Kurien, R.A., Selvaraj, D.P. and Koshy, C.P., 2021. Worn surface morphological characterization of NaOH-treated chopped abaca fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Journal of Bio-and Tribo-Corrosion, 7, pp.1-8.
[33]    Kurien, R.A., Anil, M.M., Mohan, S.S. and Thomas, J.A., 2023. Natural fiber composites as sustainable resources for emerging applications-a review. Materials Today: Proceedings.
[34]    Kurien, R.A., Biju, A., Raj, A.K., Chacko, A., Joseph, B., Koshy, C.P. and Paul, C., 2023. Comparative Mechanical Properties of Duck Feather–Jute Fiber Reinforced Hybrid Composites. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 76(9), pp.2575-2580.
[35]    Kurien, R.A., Biju, A., Raj, K.A., Chacko, A., Joseph, B. and Koshy, C.P., 2022. Chicken feather fiber reinforced composites for sustainable applications. Materials Today: Proceedings, 58, pp.862-866.
[36]    Kurien, R.A., Selvaraj, D.P., Sekar, M. and Koshy, C.P., 2020, June. Green composite materials for green technology in the automotive industry. In IOP conference series: materials science and engineering (Vol. 872, No. 1, p. 012064). IOP Publishing. 
[37]    Jing, X., Pan, C., Chen, Y., Li, X., Wang, W. and Hu, X., 2021. Improvement effect of reticular glass fibers on the mechanical properties of tailings sand with the lenticle (layered sandy soil). Water, 13(10), p.1379. 
[38]    Srivastava, J.P. and Kumar, P., 2022. Introduction to glass fiber‐based composites and structures. Natural and Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications, pp.1-16.
[39]    Patel, S.K. and Singh, B., 2020. A comparative study on shear strength and deformation behaviour of clayey and sandy soils reinforced with glass fibre. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 38(5), pp.4831-4845.
[40]    Patel, S.K. and Singh, B., 2019. Shear strength and deformation behaviour of glass fibre-reinforced cohesive soil with varying dry unit weight. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 49, pp.241-254.
[41]    Chen, M., Shen, S.L., Arulrajah, A., Wu, H.N., Hou, D.W. and Xu, Y.S., 2015. Laboratory evaluation on the effectiveness of polypropylene fibers on the strength of fiber-reinforced and cement-stabilized Shanghai soft clay. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 43(6), pp.515-523.
[42]    Pochalard, S., Wungsumpow, C. and Piriyakul, K., 2024, May. Enhancement on compressive strength of Bangkok clay cement using novel high-strength polyethylene fibers. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1335, No. 1, p. 012008). IOP Publishing.
[43]    ASTM D 4318-93, Test method for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. USA: ASTM; 2017
[44]    ASTM D 4253-00, Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table.
[45]    ASTM D2216-19 Standard Test Methods For Laboratory Determination Of Water (Moisture) Content Of Soil And Rock By Mass.
[46]    ASTM D7263-21 Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Density and Unit Weight of Soil Specimens. 
[47]    Abuelgasim, R., Rashid, A.S.A., Bouassida, M., Shien, N. and Abdullah, M.H., 2020, September. Geotechnical characteristics of Tanjung Bin coal bottom ash. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 932, No. 1, p. 012055). IOP Publishing..
[48]    ASTM D 4254 -16, Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density.
[49]    ASTM D1633-17, Standard Test Methods for Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders.
[50]    ACI 230.1R- 09, American Concrete Institute, Report on Soil Cement.
Mechanics of Advanced Composite Structures
Volume 12, Issue 2 - Serial Number 25
Special Issue on Mechanics of Advanced Fiber-Reinforced Composite Structures: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Semnan University, Handled by the Esteemed Journal Editor, Prof. Dr. Mavinkere Rangappa Sanjay - In Progress
August 2025
Pages 279-292

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics